Measuring the formation energy barrier of skyrmions in zinc-substituted <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML"><mml:mrow><mml:msub><mml:mi>Cu</mml:mi><mml:mn>2</mml:mn></mml:msub><mml:msub><mml:mi>OSeO</mml:mi><mml:mn>3</mml:mn></mml:msub></mml:mrow></mml:math>
Bibliographic record
Abstract
We report small-angle neutron scattering (SANS) measurements of the skyrmion lattice in ${({\mathrm{Cu}}_{0.976}{\mathrm{Zn}}_{0.024})}_{2}{\mathrm{OSeO}}_{3}$ under the application of electric and magnetic fields. These measurements show an expansion of the skyrmion lattice stability region with electric field. Furthermore, using time-resolved SANS, we observe the slow formation of skyrmions after an electric or magnetic field is applied, which has not been observed in pristine ${\mathrm{Cu}}_{2}{\mathrm{OSeO}}_{3}$ crystals. The measured formation times are dramatically longer than the corresponding skyrmion annihilation times after the external field is removed, and increase exponentially from 100 s at 52.5 K to 10 000 s at 51.5 K. This thermally activated behavior indicates an energy barrier for skyrmion formation of 1.57(2) eV, the size of which demonstrates the huge cost for creating these complex chiral objects.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.003 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.004 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.004 | 0.003 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.223 | 0.005 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; both teacher heads agree on what is shown here.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".