Comparing the Impact of Saturated Fatty acids from Different Dairy Sources on the proteome of High Density Lipoproteins
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Background High‐density lipoproteins (HDL) play different protective roles in the etiology of atherosclerosis. The anti‐inflammatory and antioxidant properties of HDL are of particular interest in that regard. Because dietary saturated fatty acids (SFAs) are known to increase HDL‐C concentrations, we investigated how consumption of SFAs from different dairy sources modifies HDL functions as reflected by changes in HDL proteomic profile compared to other dietary fats (monounsaturated ‐ MUFAs and polyunsaturated ‐ PUFAs) and a low‐fat diet/high carbohydrate diet. Methods A randomized crossover controlled trial was conducted in 42 men and women with abdominal obesity and relatively low HDL‐C. Subjects were assigned to sequences of 5 isoenergetic diets of 4 weeks each (): 1) a diet rich in SFA from cheese (CHEESE); a diet rich in SFAs from butter (BUTTER); a diet rich in MUFA; a diet rich in PUFA and a low‐fat, high carbohydrate diet (CHO). All foods were provided to the participants during the experimental phases. HDLs' proteome was assessed by mass‐spectrometry (MS) after isolation of the HDL fraction by sequential ultracentrifugation after each treatment. Results Using conservative analytical procedures, a total of 66 unique proteins were quantified in the HDL fraction. There was no difference between any diets in the levels of HDL proteins known to be involved in oxidative processes and acute phase response. CHEESE increased levels of HDL proteins related to immune response, namely angiotensinogen (vs. BUTTER, P<0.05), and Ig gamma‐1 chain C region, platelet basic protein and vitronectin (vs. CHO diet, P<0.05). BUTTER increased levels of vitronectin (vs. CHO, P<0.05) but had no effect on other immune response proteins. Apolipoproteins A‐IV and C‐IV, which play key roles in cholesterol homeostasis, were significantly increased after CHEESE (vs. CHO, P<0.05) but not after BUTTER. Conclusions This full‐feeding study suggest that SFAs from butter and cheese do not significantly influence the antioxidant and anti‐inflammatory properties of HDL compared with other dietary fats and CHO. However, immune response and cholesterol homeostasis proteins were modified by cheese but not by butter in comparison with CHO, consistent with a modest food matrix effect modifying the impact of SFAs on cardiometabolic health. Functional studies are necessary to confirm these findings. Support or Funding Information National Dairy Council, Dairy Research Cluster Initiative ( Dairy Farmers of Canada, Agriculture and Agri‐Food Canada, the Canadian Dairy Network and the Canadian Dairy Commission). Macronutrient (% energy), calcium and sodium content of experimental diets CHEESE BUTTER MUFA PUFA CHO Lipids (%) 32.0 32.0 32.0 32.0 25.0 SFA (%) 12.6 12.4 5.8 5.8 5.8 MU FA (%) 12.5 12.3 19.6 12.6 12.6 PUFA (%) 4.8 4.8 4.8 11.5 4.8 Carbohydrates (%) 51.9 52.0 51.9 51.9 58.9 Proteins (%) 16.0 16.0 16.0 16.0 16.0 Calcium (mg/2500 kcal) 1261 811 812 812 842 Sodium (mg/2500 kcal) 2482 2480 2479 2479 2485 Fibers (g/2500 kcal) 31 31 31 31 31
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".