Multi‐Instrumental Observation of Storm‐Induced Ionospheric Plasma Bubbles at Equatorial and Middle Latitudes
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract June solstice is considered as a period with the lowest probability to observe typical equatorial plasma bubbles (EPBs) in the postsunset period. The severe geomagnetic storm on 22–23 June 2015 has drastically changed the situation. Penetrating electric fields associated with a long‐lasting southward IMF support favorable conditions for postsunset EPBs generation in the dusk equatorial ionosphere for several hours. As a result, the storm‐induced EPBs were progressively developed over a great longitudinal range following the sunset terminator. The affected area has a large longitudinal range of ~100° in the American sector and a rather localized zone of ~20° in longitude in the African sector. Plasma depletions of equatorial origin were registered at midlatitudes (30°–40° magnetic latitude) of both hemispheres in the African and American longitudinal sectors. We examine global features of the large‐scale plasma depletion by using a combination of ground‐based and space‐borne measurements—ground‐based Global Positioning System/Global Navigation Satellite System (GPS/GNSS) networks, Constellation Observing System for Meteorology, Ionosphere, and Climate (COSMIC) GPS Radio Occultation (RO), Swarm upward looking GPS data, and in situ plasma density observations provided by Swarm, Communications/Navigation Outage Forecasting System (C/NOFS), and Defense Meteorological Satellite Program (DMSP) missions. Joint analysis of the satellite observations revealed that these storm‐induced EPBs structures had extended over 500 km in altitude, at least from ~350 to ~850 km. These irregularities caused strong amplitude and phase scintillations of GPS/GNSS signals for ground‐based and space‐borne (COSMIC RO) measurements and seriously affected performance of navigation‐based services.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".