Bibliographic record
Abstract
After unloading, the deformation of soils cannot be stable immediately, but continues to expand over time even under constant pressure. In this paper, the expansive deformation over time when effective stress is kept constant is defined as the negative creep, while the compressive creep is described as the positive creep. The division between positive creep and negative creep is named the stable normal compression line (SNCL), on which the stress–strain behaviour of the soil is time-independent. Based on the concept of the SNCL and test results, a new formula for creep is proposed. This formula is simple in form and has less parameters, and both negative creep and positive creep can be well predicted. By incorporating this formula into the current yield function of the unified hardening model, a new time-dependent current yield function is built. Combining the yield function, a flow rule, and transformed stress method, a new three-dimensional time-dependent constitutive model considering both positive and negative creep for clays is derived and presented. The new model is then validated by test results, including multistage loading oedometer tests, triaxial undrained creep tests, and triaxial undrained compression tests at the constant strain rates.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".