Bibliographic record
Abstract
The vascular hypothesis held that posttraumatic epilepsy results from reflex vasoconstriction of cortical arteries around a cerebral scar. Penfield's initial support and eventual refutation of the vascular hypothesis is the subject of this paper, which is based on a review of his clinical charts, operative and electrocorticographic reports, and brain maps held in the Montreal Neurological Institute archives. Penfield and his collaborators discovered that posttraumatic cortical scars are composed of astro-glial fibers, collagen fibrils, and a neo-vascular plexus that anastomoses with the surrounding cortical arteries. He hypothesized that the contracting scar applied traction to these arteries, which caused epileptic seizures. This was supported by his observations that cortical arteries constrict during an epileptic seizure. Penfield's subsequent investigations led to the discovery that parasympathetic nerves innervate the intracranial arteries, that experimental vasospasm can produce cortical infarction, and that cerebral blood flow (CBF) is coupled to cerebral metabolism. In fact, Penfield found that CBF increases in the epileptogenic zone around a cortical scar, contrary to what the hypothesis had predicted. Despite this, Penfield's investigations shed new light on the dynamics of the cerebral circulation that were not fully understood until decades later.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.007 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.003 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".