ASSOCIATION BETWEEN LEAD EXPOSURE AND CARDIOVASCULAR RISK FACTORS IN AN ABORIGINAL POPULATION OF CANADA (JAMES BAY, QUEBEC)
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Background and aims: Lead exposure among Cree living in the eastern coast of the James Bay (Quebec) is related to hunting with lead shots and consumption of wildfowl and game. Exposure to lead has been associated with reduced heart rate variability (HRV) and increased blood pressure (BP), which are known cardiovascular risk factors. Low HRV is associated with sudden death while BP is a risk factor for ischemic heart diseases (IHD) and stroke. We aimed to assess the impact of lead on BP and HRV among Cree adults considering potential confounding factors. Methods: Data were collected among 397 adults ≥ 18 years old living in three communities of the James Bay. Blood lead level was used as biomarker of recent exposure. BP was measured according to the WHO guidelines while HRV was derived from a 2-hour Holter monitoring. The relationship between lead and BP and HRV was studied using simple and multiple linear regressions in order to adjust for confounders (age, sex, fasting glucose, obesity, cholesterol, smoking, physical activity, antihypertensive/antiarrhythmic treatment, n-3 fatty acids, selenium and mercury levels). Results: Mean age was 40±15 years and the sample was composed of 165 women and 232 men. Geometric mean of blood lead concentration was 0.12 µmol/L (95%CI: 0.11-0.13 µ mol/L). Lead was negatively associated with HRV parameters such as low frequency (LF) (β= -0.22, p < 0.0001) and high frequency (HF) (β= -0.24, p= 0.0001) but these associations did not remained statistically significant after adjusting for confounders. In contrast, lead was positively associated with systolic blood pressure (SBP) (β= 2.66, p= 0.009) and diastolic blood pressure (DBP) (β= 1.77, p= 0.014) after adjusting for confounders. Conclusion: Recent lead exposure seems to be associated with increased SBP and DBP among Cree of the James Bay.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".