Differences in Endohelmith Parasite Infection between Male Morphotypes of Bluegill Sunfish (Lepomis macrochirus)
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Bluegill sunfish ( Lepomis macrochirus) are an important North American sport fish distributed across the United States and Canada. These fish are sexually dimorphic, with males being larger and more brightly colored than females. Additionally, there are 2 male morphotypes, dominant, brightly colored α-males, and β-males, which resemble females in both appearance and behavior. The 2 male morphotypes differ significantly in terms of mating behavior, territoriality, and diet. These behavioral and feeding differences may result in α-males harboring greater parasite diversity and parasite loads compared to β-males. This was tested by collecting, necropsying, and identifying parasites from 636 L. macrochirus sampled from 9 ponds in northwest Virginia and comparing parasite species richness and parasite load in the male morphotypes. The parasite infracommunities infecting the male morphotypes differed significantly between them at 7 of the 9 sample sites. When compared to β-males, α-males consistently had greater parasite species richness as well as greater abundance for a majority of both trophically and non-trophically transmitted parasite species sampled in this study. The separation of male morphotypes must be accounted for in studies of L. macrochirus parasites due to sex bias differences between males and females being masked when male morphotypes are combined.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".