Accumulation of soluble menaquinones MK-7 in honey coincides with death of Bacillus spp. present in honey
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Long-chain menaquinones (MK) are of bacterial origin. We investigated the possibility that MKs observed in honey are also the products of bacteria present in honey. The bacterial composition of honey was analyzed using culture-dependent methods. 16S rRNA gene sequencing and MALDI-TOF showed prevalence of the members of Bacillus subtilis and Bacillus cereus groups . The dominant menaquinones in both bacteria and honey were menaquinones MK-7 and MK-8 as indicated by UHPLC–ESI-MS/MS coupled to quadrupole orbitrap. The EICs showed alignment of mass ions of MK-7 and MK-8 from culture supernatants with that of honey. The unique MS/MS fragmentation pattern indicated that fragment ions were arising from the same menaquinone present in both samples. During Bacillus growth, the accumulation of MK-7 in supernatants occurred in a stationary phase and coincided with cell death. These novel findings suggest that the soluble MKs in honey originate from shedding of cell membranes of dead vegetative cells.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".