Identification of the Solid Electrolyte Interface on the Si/C Composite Anode with FEC as the Additive
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Silicon-based anodes have the potential to be used in next-generation lithium ion batteries owing to their higher lithium storage capacity. However, the large volume change during the charge/discharge process and the repeated formation of a new solid electrolyte interface (SEI) on the re-exposed Si surface should be overcome to achieve a better electrochemical performance. Fluoroethylene carbonate (FEC) has been widely used as an electrolyte additive for Si-based anodes, but the intrinsical mechanism in performance improvement is not clear yet. Here, we combined solid-state NMR, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, and X-ray photoemission electron microscopy to characterize the composition, structure, and inhomogeneity of the SEI on Si/C composite anodes with or without the FEC additive. Similar species are observed with two electrolytes, but a denser SEI formed with FEC, which could prevent the small molecules (i.e., LiPF6, P–O, and Li–O species) from penetrating to the surface of the Si/C anode. The hydrolysis of LiPF6 leading to LixPOyFz and further to Li3PO4 could also be partially suppressed by the denser SEI formed with FEC. In addition, a large amount of LiF could protect the cracking and pulverization of Si particles. This study demonstrates a deeper understanding of the SEI formed with FEC, which could be a guide for optimizing the Si-based anodes for lithium ion batteries.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it