Bibliographic record
Abstract
BACKGROUND: Human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) is a global public health issue with an estimated 1.8 million people newly infected in 2017. OBJECTIVE: To provide a descriptive overview of reported cases of HIV in Canada by geographic location, sex, age group, exposure category and race/ethnicity, from 1985-2017, with a focus on the most recent data. METHODS: The Public Health Agency of Canada (PHAC) monitors HIV through the national HIV/AIDS Surveillance System, which is a passive, case-based system that collates non-nominal data voluntarily submitted and validated by all Canadian provinces and territories. Additional data sources presented here include data on immigration-related medical screening for HIV by Immigration, Refugees and Citizenship Canada and data on infants perinatally-exposed to HIV submitted by the Canadian Perinatal HIV Surveillance Program. Data were collated, tables and figures were prepared and descriptive statistics were applied by PHAC and validated by each province and territory. RESULTS: A total of 2,402 new HIV diagnoses were reported in 2017 in Canada; an increase of 3% compared with 2016 and an increase of 17.1% since 2014. The national diagnosis rate increased slightly, from 6.4 per 100,000 population in 2016 to 6.5 per 100,000 population in 2017. In 2017, while Ontario continued to account for the highest number (n=935) and proportion (38.9%) of reported HIV cases, Saskatchewan reported the highest provincial diagnosis rate (15.5 per 100,000 population). In 2017, the diagnostic rate for males at 9.9 per 100,000 population was higher than for females at 3.2 per 100,000 population. As in 2016, the 30-39 year age group had the highest HIV diagnosis rate at 14.8 per 100,000 population. The "gay, bisexual and other men who have sex with men" exposure category continued to represent almost half (46.4%) of all reported HIV cases in adults. In 2017, the absolute number of HIV-positive migrants entering Canada increased to a total number of 835 migrants. One mother-to-child HIV transmission was confirmed in a mother who did not receive any perinatal antiretroviral therapy and two transmissions were confirmed in mothers who did receive perinatal antiretroviral therapy. CONCLUSION: Similar to the annual changes that have been reported since 2014, the number and rate of reported HIV cases in Canada in 2017 increased slightly compared with 2016. Additional data and analysis are needed to determine the extent to which these findings reflect an increase in HIV transmission, an increase in HIV testing, changes in reporting practices and an increase in the number of HIV-positive people migrating to Canada.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.003 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.007 | 0.013 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.004 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.005 | 0.002 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".