Exploring the association between Cerebral small‐vessel diseases and motor symptoms in Parkinson's disease
Why this work is in the frame
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
OBJECTIVES: to explore the association between cerebral small-vessel diseases (CSVDs) and motor symptoms in Parkinson's disease (PD). METHODS: 137 PD patients were recruited into the study. Detailed motor symptoms, including tremor, rigidity, bradykinesia, and axial impairment, were evaluated using Unified Parkinson's disease Rating Scale (UPDRS). Non-motor symptoms, including cognition, anxiety, and depression, were evaluated using Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA), Hamilton anxiety scale (HAMA), and Hamilton depression scale (HAMD). Brain MRI was used to assess the subtypes of CSVDs, including lacunes, enlarged perivascular spaces (EPVS), and white matter hyperintensities (WMH). WMH were furtherly divided into deep WMH (DWMH) and periventricular hyperintensities (PVH). The association between CSVDs and motor symptoms was analyzed. Patients were divided into the postural instability and gait disability (PIGD) group and non-PIGD group. Demographic, clinical and CSVDs variables were compared between the two groups. RESULTS: CSVDs subtypes were all detected in the participants with different prevalence rates and severity degrees. We found a close association between EPVS in basal ganglia and the tremor score (p = 0.032), and between DWMH in the frontal and occipital lobes and the axial motor score (p < 0.05) through the spearman and multivariate liner regression analysis. Compared with the non-PIGD group, the PIGD group demonstrated more serious cognitive impairment and DWMH in the frontal and occipital lobes (p < 0.05). The demographic characteristics and vascular risk factors of the PIGD group were not different from those of the non-PIGD group. Cognitive impairment and DWMH in the frontal lobe were identified to be independent risk factors of PIGD motor phenotype. CONCLUSIONS: We identified a close association between the CSVDs and motor symptoms in PD and DWMH in the frontal lobe was a risk factor of PIGD motor phenotype, which supports the contribution of vascular pathology in PD.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it