Extension of Butler Matrix Number of Beams Based on Reconfigurable Couplers
Bibliographic record
Abstract
A scheme to extend the beam number of Butler matrices (BMs) by utilizing reconfigurable couplers is presented and illustrated with experimental verification. The beam number of a traditional 2N× 2NBM can be increased to 3 . 2Nby substituting reconfigurable couplers for all hybrids while maintaining the structure and other components as the original. Moreover, only N sets of different parameters are required for these couplers. The principle, properties, and the generalized expressions for the N sets of parameters are discussed and exhibited. The properties of the extended beams are illustrated in terms of beam directions and crossover levels. As an example, a switchable 12-beam forming network extended from a 4 × 4 BM for 2.4 GHz applications is fabricated and tested. Over a 30% relative bandwidth is achieved with phase errors less than ±12°, amplitude unbalances lower than ±1.7 dB, isolations better than -15.5 dB, and a return loss better than 11.5 dB.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".