Investigation of the thermal properties of biological cells using a frequency domain photoacoustic microscope
Bibliographic record
Abstract
A photoacoustic sensor for studying the thermal properties of a single biological cell was developed. The sensor used an aluminium foil for heating the sample which enables the study of unstained samples. The PA sensor was developed to work in the heat transmission mode configuration by positioning the detector at the opposite side with respect to heated side of the sample. Rosencwaig’s theoretical model for an open PA cell configuration functional in a heat transmission mode was applied to study the thermal diffusivity of biological cells. MCF7 cells were used in this studied. We measured the thermal diffusivity of 3 cells using the sensor. The average measured thermal diffusivity of MCF7 cells was 0.05 mm2/s. The PA sensor allows the spatial mapping of the cell thermal diffusivity and can be used to measure thermal properties of cells in various phases of the cell cycle. It can also be used to measure the effective properties of cells when they have internalized various sensors (e.g. plasmonic nanoparticles).
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".