Measuring heat flux from collective Thomson scattering with non-Maxwellian distribution functions
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Heat flux was measured in coronal plasmas using collective Thomson scattering from electron-plasma waves. A laser-produced plasma from a planar aluminum target created a temperature gradient along the target normal. Thomson scattering probed electron-plasma waves in the direction of the temperature gradient with phase velocities relevant to heat flux. The heat-flux measurements were reduced from classical values inferred from the measured plasma conditions in regions with large temperature gradients and agreed with classical values for weak gradients. In regions where classical theory was invalid, the heat flux was determined by reproducing the measured Thomson-scattering spectra using electron distribution functions consistent with nonlocal thermal transport. Full-scale hydrodynamic simulations using both flux-limited thermal transport (FLASH) and the multigroup nonlocal Schurtz, Nicolaï, and Busquet models underestimated the heat flux at all locations.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".