Assessment of Tight Rock Wettability by Spontaneous Imbibition at Elevated Pressures
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Wettability is an important reservoir property and must be well-understood as it gives an indication of how fluids are distributed through the porous media. In tight reservoirs, which generally have been produced using hydraulic fracturing, the wettability evaluation becomes even more important for enhancing oil recovery, as it is a reference point for understanding the interaction between the fracturing fluids and the reservoir, to then be able to alter the rock wettability tendency into a more water-wet system by using appropriate fracturing fluids that would displace the oil into the matrix to the fractures by spontaneous imbibition. It is known that the wettability evaluation of a reservoir is affected by multiple factors (core preservation state, fluid properties, temperature and pressure), and that the most representative results are obtained by using conditions as similar to the reservoir as possible. However, different than conventional reservoirs, in tight media reservoirs the measurement of wettability and its alteration become even more challenging, basically due to its low porosity and permeability, and also due to its mineralogical heterogeneity. As a first approach for evaluating the wettability tendency of tight media reservoirs as close as possible to the reservoir conditions, a novel apparatus and methodology were designed in this thesis for assessing the wettability tendency of tight media samples by spontaneous imbibition tests at elevated pressures. Furthermore, the wettability tendency of four tight media core plugs from the Lower Shaunavon reservoir were evaluated by multiple spontaneous imbibition tests at atmospheric and elevated pressures.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".