Cubic <i>versus</i> hexagonal – effect of host crystallinity on the <i>T</i><sub>1</sub> shortening behaviour of NaGdF<sub>4</sub> nanoparticles
Why this work is in the frame
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Sodium gadolinium fluoride (NaGdF4) nanoparticles are promising candidates as T1 shortening magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) contrast agents due to the paramagnetic properties of the Gd3+ ion. Effects of size and surface modification of these nanoparticles on proton relaxation times have been widely studied. However, to date, there has been no report on how T1 relaxivity (r1) is affected by the different polymorphs in which NaGdF4 crystallizes: cubic (α) and hexagonal (β). Here, a microwave-assisted thermal decomposition method was developed that grants selective access to NaGdF4 nanoparticles of either phase in the same size range, allowing the influence of host crystallinity on r1 to be investigated. It was found that at 3 T cubic NaGdF4 nanoparticles exhibit larger r1 values than their hexagonal analogues. This result was interpreted based on Solomon-Bloembergen-Morgan theory, suggesting that the inner sphere contribution to r1 is more pronounced for cubic NaGdF4 nanoparticles as compared to their hexagonal counterparts. This holds true irrespective of the chosen surface modification, i.e. small citrate groups or longer chain poly(acrylic acid). Key aspects were found to be a polymorph-induced larger hydrodynamic diameter and the higher magnetization possessed by cubic nanoparticles.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it