1,25‐dihydroxyvitamin D deficiency accelerates alveolar bone loss independent of aging and extracellular calcium and phosphorus
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Background Vitamin D is critical for bone homeostasis and immunomodulation. We therefore assessed whether 1,25‐dihydroxyvitamin D (1,25(OH) 2 D) deficiency in mice with targeted deletion of the gene encoding 25‐hydroxyvitamin D‐1α‐hydroxylase (1α(OH)ase [1αOH)ase −/− mice]) results in alveolar bone loss and periodontal inflammation in vivo. Methods Ten‐week‐old and 12‐month‐old 1α(OH)ase −/− mice and wild‐type littermates were fed a normal diet or a rescue diet, and the phenotype of the periodontium was then analyzed using microcomputed tomography, histology, immunohistochemistry, and real‐time Reverse transcription‐polymerase chain reaction (RT‐PCR). Results Alveolar bone loss was increased and maxillary bone mineral density (BMD), osteoblast numbers, and the number of osterix‐positive cells were decreased significantly in 1α(OH)ase −/− mice compared with wild‐type mice. Although aging from 10 weeks to 12 months accentuated these changes, and a rescue diet reduced them, the alterations in the 1α(OH)ase −/− mice exceeded the effects of aging and diet change. Nuclear factor kappa light‐chain‐enhancer of activated B cells (NF‐кB) p65 and CD3 positive cells, and the gene expression levels of interleukin (IL)‐1β, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)‐α, matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)‐3 and ‐8 were all increased significantly in periodontal tissues of 1α(OH)ase −/− mice compared with wild‐type mice. Aging from 10 weeks to 12 months also accentuated these changes, and a rescue diet reduced them, however, the alterations in the 1α(OH)ase −/− mice exceeded the effects of aging and diet change. Conclusion 1,25(OH) 2 D deficiency in the 1α(OH)ase −/− mice accelerated alveolar bone loss by inhibiting osteoblastic bone formation and enhancing periodontal tissue degeneration in a calcium‐ and phosphorus‐ as well as an age‐independent manner.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".