Nonlinear Metasurface for Structured Light with Tunable Orbital Angular Momentum
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Orbital angular momentum (OAM) beams may create a new paradigm for the future classical and quantum communication systems. A majority of existing OAM beam converters are bulky, slow, and cannot withstand high powers. Here, we design and experimentally demonstrate an ultra-fast, compact chalcogenide-based all-dielectric metasurface beam converter which has the ability to transform a Hermite–Gaussian (HG) beam into a beam carrying an OAM at near infrared wavelength. Depending on the input beam intensity, the topological charge carried by the output OAM beam can be switched between positive and negative. The device provides high transmission efficiency and is fabricated by a standard electron beam lithography. Arsenic trisulfide (As 2 S 3 ) chalcogenide glass (ChG) offers ultra-fast and large third-order nonlinearity as well as a low two-photon absorption coefficient in the near infrared spectral range.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".