Diurnal and Seasonal Variability of Near‐Surface Oxygen in the Strait of Georgia
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract Dissolved oxygen (O2) concentrations in waters of the ocean surface mixed layer are generally close to thermodynamic equilibrium with atmospheric concentrations. However, near‐surface O2 levels are also affected by other processes, including primary productivity, and thus measurements of near‐surface O2 can in theory be used to estimate productivity. Here we discuss variations in near‐surface O2 concentrations in the Strait of Georgia by examining a variety of data sets, focusing primarily on ferry‐based measurements over a 3‐year period (2015–2017). Both diurnal, seasonal, and interannual variations are quantified, and various fluxes into and out of the surface waters are estimated so that the degree to the measured oxygen variations representing biological activity can be assessed. On average, advective and vertical transport makes only a small negative contribution, while other budget terms show a strong seasonal cycle, lowest in winter, peaking in spring and slowly dropping to winter level during summer and autumn. For most of the year, the air‐sea flux is the largest term, but the storage term is important during the spring blooms. Diurnal variations of 5–10% saturation in measured oxygen levels must therefore largely reflect diurnal cycles in productivity and respiration. We estimate respiration effects from the rate of decay of O2 at night, which yields an average respiration rate of 459 mmol·m−2·day−1. This value is almost an order of magnitude larger than the other budget terms we have discussed, suggesting that a future focus on diurnal variations might provide most insight into biological processes in the Strait.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".