Shadow Detection in Single RGB Images Using a Context Preserver Convolutional Neural Network Trained by Multiple Adversarial Examples
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Automatic identification of shadow regions in an image is a basic and yet very important task in many computer vision applications such as object detection, target tracking, and visual data analysis. Although shadow detection is a well-studied topic, current methods for identification of shadow are not as accurate as required. In this work, we propose a deep-learning method for shadow detection at a pixel-level that is suitable for single RGB images. The proposed CNN-based method benefits from a novel architecture through which global and local shadow attributes are identified using a new and efficient mapping scheme in the skip connection. It extracts and preserves shadow context in multiple layers and utilizes them gradually in multiple blocks to generate final shadow masks. The training phase of the network is simple and can be directly and easily adapted for other image segmentation tasks. The performance of the proposed system is evaluated on three publicly available datasets sbudataset,stcgan,ucf, where it outperforms the state-of-the-art Balanced Error Rates (BER) by 3%, 6.2%, and 11.4%.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".