Determining Granular Activated Carbon Adsorption Isotherms of Benzene as a Volatile Organic Compound
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract The determination of the adsorption equilibrium isotherm is a fundamental requirement for the design of adsorption-based processes. A method using a headspace auto-sampler and gas chromatograph system was developed in this study to determine the adsorption isotherm of benzene as a volatile organic compound for granular activated carbon. Dynamic equilibria between chemical solution, headspace gas and activated carbon were established in the 22-mL headspace glass vials sealed with Teflon-faced silicone septa and aluminum cramp caps. Using the closed system of headspace glass vials minimized the volatilization loss of chemical during the experiment. The method was utilized to measure the adsorption of benzene on Filtrasorb 300 granular activated carbon under 25 ± 1°C. The Freundlich isotherm parameters were determined using the experimental result. A reproducibility study and comparison with other results found in the literature showed that the method developed in this research is a reliable technique for determination of adsorption isotherm of benzene as a volatile organic compound on activated carbon.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".