Translating Peasant Resistance to Anti-Colonialism: the Ghadar Party in Punjab, 1914-1915
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The Ghadar Party introduced a radical anti-colonial praxis to Punjab, British India, in the early 1910s. Much of the literature on the Ghadar Party situates the birth of the movement among Punjabi peasants along the Pacific coast of North America who returned to their homeland intent on waging an anti-colonial mutiny. Harish Puri (1993) locates the failure of the Ghadar Party in the impossibility of translating their migrant political consciousness among their co-patriots in Punjab. Further, he argues that their lack of organization skills led to their demise. I argue in this paper that the Ghadar Party's political organizing made attempts at translating anti-colonial ideology into Punjab. This was accomplished through translating extant forms of peasant resistance, such as banditry and mutiny, into the social and political context of 1910s Punjab. Further, the appearance of lack of organization really was a belief in organized spontaneity and an under-mediated notion of rebellion.The Ghadar Party introduced a radical anti-colonial praxis to Punjab, British India, in the early 1910s. Much of the literature on the Ghadar Party situates the birth of the movement among Punjabi peasants along the Pacific coast of North America who returned to their homeland intent on waging an anti-colonial mutiny. Harish Puri (1993) locates the failure of the Ghadar Party in the impossibility of translating their migrant political consciousness among their co-patriots in Punjab. Further, he argues that their lack of organization skills led to their demise. I argue in this paper that the Ghadar Party's political organizing made attempts at translating anti-colonial ideology into Punjab. This was accomplished through translating extant forms of peasant resistance, such as banditry and mutiny, into the social and political context of 1910s Punjab. Further, the appearance of lack of organization really was a belief in organized spontaneity and an under-mediated notion of rebellion.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.002 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.014 | 0.010 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.006 | 0.002 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.004 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.004 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".