SOME SOCIO-ECONOMIC AND CULTURAL TENDENCIES IN GROZNY
IN THE FIRST QUARTER OF THE XX CENTURY
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The article conveys some tendencies in the lives of the Chechen people who lived in Grozny in the first quarter of the XX century. The period of the 1900-1914 is characterized by the rapid development of the Grozny economic region, an increase in the number of Chechen workers who were engaged in crafts and trades, and in the number of urban population. The author underlines such aspects of urban socio-cultural development as features of the development of public education, the formation of librarianship, book publishing, and the local nature of cultural activities. The revolutionary events of 1905–1907, February and October of 1917, contributed to the radicalization of the urban environment. Considering military-political, economic and criminal instability, most of the urban Chechens were forced to leave Grozny. The subsequent 100-day battles of the Grozny proletariat with bicherakhists (August-November of 1918) turned the life of the townspeople into harsh trials. The Civil War left debilitating scars. The Soviet power obtained the Grozny oil industry in a ruined state. The new economic policy, in particular, the creation of syndicates, trusts, concessions, led to a revival of the Grozny oil industry.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.007 | 0.006 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.003 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".