The Shift from Religious to Linguistic Schooling in Quebec: An Analysis of the Public Discourse and the Political Obstacles, 1960-1997
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Through an analysis of print media and the legislative debates and reports on education and the separate school question in Quebec, this paper aims to better understand the shift from religious to linguistic schooling in post-Quiet Revolution Quebec. Once the strongest defender of religious school rights in Canada, the secularization of Quebec over this period saw it abandon its denominationally-based school system. Public opinion on education is juxtaposed in this paper with the political discourse surrounding the movement toward secular schooling in Quebec. This paper finds that while there was considerable appetite for the abolishment of Quebec’s denominational school system, the legal protection afforded to Catholics and Protestants in section 93 of the Canadian Constitution proved to be a major hurdle in the political arena. After several decades of effort, Quebec eventually received a constitutional amendment in 1997 that allowed it to replace its Catholic and Protestant schools with a linguistically-based French and English school system.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.004 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.005 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.016 | 0.006 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.006 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.008 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".