The political relationship between U.S. multinational corporations and the NAFTA investment chapter: the case of manufacturing multinationals
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Many trade policy researchers and stakeholders claim that U.S. multinational corporations (MNCs) have near fiat political power to write U.S. trade and investment law, which they use to profit from in international markets. This article focuses on the relationship between U.S. MNCs and U.S. investment treaties using the NAFTA investment chapter and U.S. manufacturing foreign direct investment (FDI) to Mexico as a case study. The case study tests a causal model in which market power begets political power in U.S. trade policy, and vice versa. Evidence is presented that the model held true until recent NAFTA renegotiations, which led to major revisions of the investment chapter. The case study illustrates that when it comes to writing the rules of the global economy, corporate power begets power, but that power can be successfully contested.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.003 | 0.005 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.004 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.003 | 0.003 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.007 | 0.003 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.004 | 0.003 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".