Inverse Occlusion: A Binocularly Motivated Treatment for Amblyopia
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
Recent laboratory findings suggest that short-term patching of the amblyopic eye (i.e., inverse occlusion) results in a larger and more sustained improvement in the binocular balance compared with normal controls. In this study, we investigate the cumulative effects of the short-term inverse occlusion in adults and old children with amblyopia. This is a prospective cohort study of 18 amblyopes (10-35 years old; 2 with strabismus) who have been subjected to 2 hours/day of inverse occlusion for 2 months. Patients who required refractive correction or whose refractive correction needed updating were given a 2-month period of refractive adaptation. The primary outcome measure was the binocular balance which was measured using a phase combination task; the secondary outcome measures were the best-corrected visual acuity which was measured with a Tumbling E acuity chart and converted to logMAR units and the stereoacuity which was measured with the Random-dot preschool stereogram test. The average binocular gain was 0.11 in terms of the effective contrast ratio ( <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M1"> <mml:mi>z</mml:mi> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>=</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>−</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> <mml:mn>2.344</mml:mn> </mml:math> , <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M2"> <mml:mi>p</mml:mi> <mml:mo>=</mml:mo> <mml:mn>0.019</mml:mn> </mml:math> , 2-tailed related samples Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test). The average acuity gain was 0.13 logMAR equivalent ( <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M3"> <mml:mi>t</mml:mi> <mml:mfenced open="(" close=")"> <mml:mrow> <mml:mn>17</mml:mn> </mml:mrow> </mml:mfenced> <mml:mo>=</mml:mo> <mml:mn>4.76</mml:mn> </mml:math> , <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M4"> <mml:mi>p</mml:mi> <mml:mo><</mml:mo> <mml:mn>0.001</mml:mn> </mml:math> , 2-tailed paired samples <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M5"> <mml:mi>t</mml:mi> </mml:math> -test). The average stereoacuity gain was 339 arc seconds ( <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M6"> <mml:mi>z</mml:mi> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>=</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> <mml:mrow> <mml:mo>−</mml:mo> </mml:mrow> <mml:mn>2.533</mml:mn> </mml:math> , <mml:math xmlns:mml="http://www.w3.org/1998/Math/MathML" id="M7"> <mml:mi>p</mml:mi> <mml:mo>=</mml:mo> <mml:mn>0.011</mml:mn> </mml:math> ). Based on more recent research concerning adult ocular dominance plasticity, we conclude that inverse occlusion in adults and old children with amblyopia does produce long-term gains to binocular balance and that acuity and stereopsis can improve in some subjects.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it