Numerical simulations of gravitational waves from early-universe turbulence
Bibliographic record
Abstract
We perform direct numerical simulations of magnetohydrodynamic turbulence in the early universe and numerically compute the resulting stochastic background of gravitational waves and relic magnetic fields. These simulations do not make the simplifying assumptions of earlier analytic work. If the turbulence is assumed to have an energy-carrying scale that is about a hundredth of the Hubble radius at the time of generation, as expected in a first-order phase transition, the peak of gravitational wave power will be in the mHz frequency range for a signal produced at the electroweak scale. The efficiency of gravitational wave (GW) production varies significantly with how the turbulence is driven. Detectability of turbulence at the electroweak scale by the planned Laser Interferometer Space Antenna (LISA) requires anywhere from 0.1% to 10% of the thermal plasma energy density to be in plasma motions or magnetic fields, depending on the model of the driving process. Our results predict a new universal form below the spectral peak frequency that is shallower than previously thought. This implies larger values of the GW energy spectra in the low-frequency range. This extends the range where turbulence is detectable with LISA to lower frequencies, corresponding to higher energy scales than the assumed energy-carrying scale.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".