Perancangan sistem proteksi generator DC pada Pembangkit Listrik Tenaga Mikrohidro
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Energi listrik sudah merupakan kebutuhan pokok bagi manusia guna menunjang aktifitas sehari-hari. Krisis energi yang melanda bangsa Indonesia sampai saat ini terutama energi listrik mengajarkan kita berfikir, berusaha, berkarya mengembangkan dan menerapkan energi terbarukan (renewable energy) guna mengurangi ketergantungan terhadap energi fosil. Salah satu energi terbarukan yang segera dilakukan adalah memanfaatkan potensi air untuk dikembangkan menjadi pembangkit listrik tenaga mikrohidro (PLTMH) skala kecil dengan konstruksi yang sederhana dan ramah lingkungan. Perkembangan teknologi dewasa ini mendorong timbulnya inovasi baru menciptakan peralatan hemat energi listrik sehingga penggunaan generator dc pada PLTMH skala kecil <500 watt segera dapat dikembangkan di tanah air. Generator dc sebagai pembangkit listrik masih mengalami beberapa kendala salah satunya mengamankan generator dc dari berbagai macam gangguan. Gangguan yang sering terjadi adalah beban lebih atau beban kurang menyebabkan kecepatan putaran (rpm) dan tegangan tidak dapat dikendalikan sehingga kinerja generator dc tidak stabil. Untuk mencegah gangguan tersebut diperlukan suatu alat proteksi yang sesuai karakteristik generator dc sehingga dapat terhindar dari kerusakan. Perancangan alat proteksi generator dc berdasarkan karakteristik dari hasil pengujian dan data spesifikasinya. Daya keluaran generator dc menggunakan turbin open flume I� 50 mm pada beban penuh 133,20 watt tegangan nominal 12 volt, beban kurang 113,10 watt tegangan maksimum 13 volt, dan beban lebih tegangan minimum 11 volt. Kapasitas emergency load berdasarkan pada beban penuh yaitu 133,20 watt kondisi tegangan nominal 12 volt, sehingga pada saat terjadi gangguan Comparator voltage LM 339 bekerja bila tegangan masukan (Vin) nilainya berada pada â��Vref (batas bawah) dan +Vref (batas atas) yaitu (3,3 Vin > 13) volt sebagai kondisi gangguan (abnormal). Peralihan beban dari konsumen ke emergency load tegangan keluaran generator dc masih dalam batas tegangan normal kisaran 11-13 volt (± 8,3 %) dari tegangan nominalnya dan daya keluaran kisaran 113.20 â�� 133,20 watt, kecepatan putaran (rpm) terkendali < 2750 rpm, dan arus nominal <11,50 ampere. Dalam implementasi generator dc menggunakan turbin open flume I� 50 mm daya keluaran generator dc 133,20 watt, tegangan nominal 12 volt, tinggi efektif (head) Heff = 0,46 m, efisiensi turbin I·T = 75 % , efisiensi generator I·g = 67 %, dan debit (Q) dibutuhkan turbin 0,05882 m3/s. Daya keluaran maksimum generator dc tidak dipengaruhi oleh jenis penggeraknya Electrical energy have represented the fundamental need for human being to support the every day activity. The energy crisis which knock over the Indonesian nation to data especially electrical energy teachs us to think, develop and apply the reanewable energy to lessen the depending to fossil energy. One of renewable energy which immediately apply is the flowing water potency to be developed to be come the small scale micro-hydro power plant with simple construction and environmental friendliness. Technological growth these days push the new innovation to create the electrics appliances so the use of dc generator in small micro-hydro power plant at the scale lower than 500 watt immediately can be developed in this country dc generator as power plant experiences some constraint, one of them is to protect dc generator from assorted of trouble. Trouble which is often happened over load or less load so that speed of rotation and output voltage of dc generator become uncontrable. The design of dc generator protection system which is performed within this research is laboratory testing and field testing using the open flume I� 50 mm turbin. Load trouble which always fluctuate is controlled using emergency load using analog electronic circuit that is comparator voltage of type LM 339. The using LM 339 is monitoring the change of dc generator output voltage refer over load trouble of and less load can be prevented because of voltage range (11-13) volt, and also can control the rotation speed (rpm) lower than 2750 rpm. Dc generator can work well where its output power is limited (113,10 â�� 133,20) watt, so that rotation speed and voltage are constant, requirement flow of turbin Q = 0,0588 m3/s, effective head 0,46 m, efficiency of turbin design 75%, and efficiency of dc generator 67%.Maximum power output power of dc generator influenced by its activator type.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.002 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.003 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.142 | 0.028 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".