Landscape degradation by smelter emissions near Sudbury, Canada, and subsequent amelioration and restoration.
Why this work is in the frame
A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.
Bibliographic record
Abstract
<title>Abstract</title> A century of sulfur dioxide fumigation, copper and nickel particulate deposition, fire, soil erosion and enhanced frost action resulting from mining and smeltering has created 17, 00 ha of barren land and 72 000 ha of stunted, open birch-maple (<italic>Betula/Acer</italic>) woodland in the Sudbury area of Ontario, Canada. The primary factor limiting plant colonization is the acidic, aluminium-, copper- and nickel-toxic properties of the soils, although certain plant species have developed genetically based metal tolerance. In the revegetation programme, manual surface application of ground limestone, with or without an accompanying fertilizer and/or grass-legume seed application, leads to immediate colonization by woody species including birch (<italic>Betula</italic> spp.), aspen (<italic>Populus tremuloides</italic>) and willows (<italic>Salix</italic> spp.), and more than 3000 ha have been treated in this way by the Regional Municipality of Sudbury since 1978. Native coniferous species (<italic>Pinus</italic> spp.) have also been planted in groups to form a seed source for future colonization.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it