Fiber Bragg Grating High Impact Force Sensors With Adjustable Sensitivity and Dynamic Range
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This paper presents the development of a fiber Bragg grating sensor system for loads applied perpendicularly to the fiber axis. The sensor design allows for adjustable sensitivity and high impact resistance. Two designs were tested, each containing a fiber Bragg grating embedded in a polymer material and encased in aluminum. Testing with a rate controlled load press was used to show the dependence of the response on loading conditions with loads reaching kN levels. Projectile drop tests further showed the response of both types of sensors with forces applied over millisecond durations. The magnitudes of the measured wavelength shift loading and unloading rates ranged from 0.203 to 0.507 nm/ms. Static structural simulations were completed and are in agreement with the experimental results. Loading rates of 1.667 mm/s with contact areas ranging from 38.5 to 113 mm2resulted in respective sensitivities ranging from 0.154 to 0.064 nm/kN. Simulations and experiments further demonstrated the ability to increase the sensitivity up to 99% through modifications of lid thickness, cavity diameter, and loading area.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".