Herb induced liver injury after using herbal medicine
Bibliographic record
Abstract
In Taiwan, traditional herbal medication was included in Taiwan's National Health Insurance (NHI) system since 1996 and in 9 out of 10 hospitals have developed their own departments of traditional medicine. This study aims to address the herb-induced liver injury (HILI) after using herbal medicine on the relationship between age, gender, epidemiology, laboratory data, pathogenesis, mobility, and mortality.We searched the PubMed database with "hepatitis after herbal medicine" and "in human" till 2018 April and returned 163 articles in a systemic review manner. Two cases reports describing in-vitro liver injury were excluded. Reviews and articles without the detailed report, laboratory data and history were excluded from this study. In the end, there were 53 articles enrolled in this study. These enrolled literatures are from France (n = 13), Germany (n = 12), Switzerland (n = 5) United States of America (n = 4), Korea (n = 4), Hong Kong (n = 4), Greece (n = 3), China (n = 2), Canada (n = 1), Italy (n = 1), Thailand (n = 1), Finland (n = 1), Taiwan (n = 1), and Japan (n = 1). The data were analyzed with a commercial statistical software Stata/SE 12.0 program Stata Corporation, College Station, TX, USA. Statistical χ tests were performed and the significance was set at a P value of less than .05 (2-tailed).The ages are ranged from 15 to 78 years with the mean ± SD (standard deviation) of 48.3 ± 16.2 years old. The majority of cases are female (n = 37). In elderly, man is more commonly seen than female in HILI (37.5% vs 10.5%, P = .02). Female is vulnerable to cholestatic type of HILI than male (21.1% vs 0.0%, P = .04). Of all the cases in HILI, using pure substance are more commonly seen than mixed substance (P = .02). In gender, male patients have higher alanine aminotransferase (GPT) (IU/L) level in HILI than female ones (1560 ± 819 vs 1047 ± 706, P = .03).In HILI, the female is more commonly seen than male, but less than male in the elderly. The pure substance more often happens to HILI than mixture substance. Female is predominant in the cholestatic type of HILI. The major prevalence of HILI is in Europe rather than Asia. HILI cases in Europe is 2.75-fold than in Asia. This could be due to fewer reports of the herb induced liver injury in Asia compared to Europe. Prevention of HILI is the best policy, because it needs to take 78 ± 59 days to recover.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.003 | 0.004 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.004 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".