Study on Collapse Sequence and Critical Rainfall at Nantou 89th County Road in Taiwan
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Taiwan's rainfall is concentrated in the plum rain season and typhoons from May to October every year, often with a large amount of water vapor, causing concentrated rainfall in the mountains.Due to climate change, the chances of extremely heavy rain have increased and caused the probability of slope damages, resulting in disasters such as collapses, slope failures and mudslides [1][2][3][4].The area of 89th Country Road of Ren-ai Township, Nantou County was selected for the present study.The area is important because it is the main road to Lishan Scenic Area and many tribes live along the road.Because of fragile geology and friable topography, it easily causes the caving in of roadbed.Several locations had collapsed and caused the closure of the road.This study discusses the history of damage due to critical rainfall of 12.3K and 22.53K on the 89th Country Road.The aerial photos of an exposed range of 12.3K and 22.53K from 2001 to 2017 were collected to carry out the image overlay and comparison.Also, we used previous destruction events for comparison and sorting out the failure processes and mechanisms.It was found that the damage of 12.3K initiated from an eroded ditch on the lower slope of the road.The gully caused retrogressive erosion of downhill slope and induced the collapse of roadbed and slippage of the slope.The initial damage of 22.53K commenced from the right side of the downstream.The erosion ditch caused the collapse and slippage due to lateral and headward erosion.After that, the erosion ditch gradually continued developing upward to the bottom of the road and affected the road to be diverted to the upper slope.The topographic accumulation-scouring map of 12.3K during 2008-2010 showed that severed erosion and sliding events had occurred at downslope and upslope, especially for the downslope areas.The difference of eroded thickness was more than 15m.The accumulation-scouring map of 2010-2012 showed that severe erosion had occurred around the ditch.The difference of eroded thickness was more than 20m.Aerial photo of 22.53K during 2008-2010 showed that the left side of the gully ditch was washed sharply and the difference of elevation thickness was more than 40m.The slopes above and below the road suffered severe sliding which caused the difference of elevation more than 15m between 2010 and 2012.The research also compares the major rain incidents, which caused failure or non-failure of a slope, at Nantou 89th Country Road.Several decision charts related to rainfall characteristics have been drawn.Based on this study, the obtained critical rainfall is about 240mm for these two locations.The I-T type and I-R type rain warning mode are recommended for the decision of evacuation and closure of the road in the area.The results of this study could be used as a reference for disaster prevention and evacuation in the future.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".