<i>Arabidopsis thaliana</i> Seedlings Influence <i>Bacillus subtilis</i> Spore Formation
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Bacillus subtilis is a Gram-positive plant-growth-promoting rhizobacterium exerting many beneficial effects on plant health. Because they secrete antimicrobial compounds and elicit induced systemic resistance, B. subtilis and phylogenetically related species are of particular interest as antifungals in organic agriculture. These bacteria are also known for their capacity to differentiate phenotypically into endospores able to withstand many environmental stresses. However, although B. subtilis is often inoculated on plants as spores, dynamics of germination and sporulation on roots remain unexplored. Using a hydroponic culture system and a soil system for Arabidopsis thaliana, we observed that B. subtilis spores germinate rapidly on contact with plants. However, the vegetative cells are abundant on roots for only a few days before reversing back to spores. We observed that the germinant receptor GerK and sporulation kinases KinA and KinB identified in vitro control sporulation dynamics on plants. Surprisingly, when plants are inoculated with B. subtilis, free-living cells sporulate more rapidly than plant-associated cells. However, direct contact between plant and bacteria is required for the induction of sporulation in the surrounding B. subtilis. This study has fundamental implications for our understanding of interactions between Bacillus spp. and plants, and particularly for a more efficient usage of B. subtilis as a biofertilizer or biofungicide.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.002 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; both teacher heads agree on what is shown here.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".