Boosted Kernel Ridge Regression: Optimal Learning Rates and Early Stopping
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Bibliographic record
Abstract
In this paper, we introduce a learning algorithm, boosted kernel ridge regression (BKRR), that combines <i>L</i><sup>2</sup>-Boosting with the kernel ridge regression (KRR). We analyze the learning performance of this algorithm in the framework of learning theory. We show that BKRR provides a new bias-variance trade-off via tuning the number of boosting iterations, which is different from KRR via adjusting the regularization parameter. A (semi-)exponential bias-variance trade-off is derived for BKRR, exhibiting a stable relationship between the generalization error and the number of iterations. Furthermore, an adaptive stopping rule is proposed, with which BKRR achieves the optimal learning rate without saturation.
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Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it