Bibliographic record
Abstract
This picture shows intertidal algae (Ascophyllum nodosum and Fucus vesiculosus) completely encased in ice during a winter low tide on the Gulf of St Lawrence coast of Nova Scotia, Canada. I have seen this phenomenon on various occasions, although how often it occurs during the winter remains to be determined. Ice encasement could influence these canopy-forming algae both positively and negatively. On the one hand, air temperature can be as low as –20°C on this coast in winter, but a stable ice cover prevents temperatures on rocky intertidal substrates from dipping that low. Thus, ice-encased seaweeds could be similarly insulated and might have a higher chance of survival as a result. On the other hand, waves could break some ice-encased algal fragments and remove biomass from these canopies. Whether removed algal fragments would simply die or aid in the dispersal of these algae is also unknown. Overall, the net influence of ice encasement on these seaweeds could depend on the prevailing environmental conditions, making these organisms interesting subjects of study for winter intertidal ecology.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.010 | 0.005 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".