In situ compression experiments of fused silica pillars in the <scp>TEM</scp> and <scp>SEM</scp>
Bibliographic record
Abstract
While fused silica is known for its brittleness on macroscopic scale [1], it exhibits an amount of plasticity on microscale [2]. Thermally‐treated Stöber‐Fink‐Bohn (SFB)‐type silica spheres are known to approach the structure of vitreous silica and show size‐dependent mechanical properties [3,4]. Adequate electron‐beam (e‐beam) irradiation can be used to induce enormous ductility during compression of nanoscale silica spheres [5–7], and to alter their Young's modulus ( E ) [7]. While a controlled introduction of structural anisotropy by cooling of glass melts under load [8–10] was shown to enhance the mechanical properties of glass fibers [11], we recently showed that e‐beam‐assisted quenching under load (turning off the e‐beam during compression) inside the transmission electron microscope (TEM) may also lead to structural anisotropy and affects the mechanical properties of nanoscale silica spheres [12]. Here we prove the potential of e‐beam‐assisted quenching under load on fused silica pillars and further investigate their size‐dependent mechanical behavior. Fused silica pillars are prepared by two different methods from bulk fused silica, namely (1) reactive ion etching (RIE) and (2) focused ion beam (FIB) milling in combination with a charge neutralizer system (FEI Company). Mechanical testing was performed with the Hysitron PI95 TEM Picoindenter TM in the TEM and a custom‐built indenter in the scanning electron microscope (SEM) [6]. Both, RIE and FIB milling lead to pillar structures with reproducible geometry and suitable for in situ mechanical experiments in TEM and SEM (Fig. 1). In situ compression of RIE pillars to high strains in the SEM eventually results in fracture with characteristic star‐like fracture pattern (Fig. 2). In situ compression experiments at smaller strains carried out on FIB‐prepared pillars in the TEM at beam‐off conditions reveal a fully elastic deformation behavior, as exemplarily shown in Fig. 3. Thereby, an E = 78 GPa and compressive strength of ≥ 8 GPa are achieved. While E is slightly higher, the compressive strength clearly exceeds the one known for bulk fused silica [1], and the one of microscale fused silica pillars [2]. Further compression experiments on pillars in the TEM and SEM are planned, with the aim to explore their overall size‐dependent mechanical behavior in direct relation to our work on nanoscale glass spheres [4,7]. Finally, we expand our recently reported e‐beam‐assisted quenching under load approach [12] also on fused silica pillars, with the aim to get a generalized picture of the mechanical properties of nanoscale glasses upon quenching under load in the TEM.
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Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
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Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
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