Does Glypican 3 expression in non-small cell lung cancer suggest an oncogenic function?
Bibliographic record
Abstract
187 Background: Glypican 3 (GPC3) is a membrane bound proteoglycan with peak expression during fetal life that is down-regulated after birth. Although GPC3 precise function is debated its expression is well linked with adult (hepatocellular carcinoma) and childhood malignancies (Wilm’s tumour, neuroblastoma) by both existence of mutations and aberrant protein expression. GPC3 expression pattern in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) is still ambiguous with some evidence of loss of expression in NSCLC suggestive of a tumour suppressor role. The objective of this work was to evaluate GPC3 immunohistochemical (IHC) profile in NSCLC and correlate it with clinical and histological characteristics. Methods: Our cohort contained 97 patients who underwent surgical resection of NSCLC and have been followed up for a median period of 4.81 years. IHC stain for GPC3 was performed on a tissue microarray constructed from respective samples and scored by two pathologists. GPC3 IHC stain association with clinical and histological parameters was evaluated. Results: GPC3 stain was negative in all normal lung tissues but was positive in 22.7% of NSCLC, with statistically significant predilection for squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) compared to adenocarcinoma (ADC) (positive stain in 8% of ADC vs. 55% of SCC, p Conclusion: In contradiction with previous report, we found GPC3 to be over expressed in NSCLC compared with normal tissue, especially in smokers and in SCC. These features are in agreement with known expression during normal development and suggest a possible oncogenic function, resembling GPC3 role in hepatocellular carcinoma.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".