Interaction between dry granular flow and rigid barrier with basal clearance: analytical and physical modelling
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Some types of barriers are designed with a clearance between the bottom of the barrier and the channel bed. This feature allows small discharges to pass, thereby reducing the maintenance required over the service life of the barrier. Aside from the practical function of a clearance, it influences the impact force, jump height, and discharge. In this paper, a series of physical experiments was conducted using a 6 m long flume to model the interaction between dry granular flow and rigid barrier with a basal clearance. The ratio between the clearance and particle diameter Hc/D was varied from 0 to 10. The channel inclination was varied from 15° to 35° to achieve different Froude numbers before impact. A new impact model for predicting impact force exerted on the barrier with a basal clearance is presented and evaluated. Results reveal that Hc ≥ 3D is capable of reducing the impact force and overflow. Findings from this study highlight the importance of considering the effects of basal clearance on the design of multiple-barrier systems.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".