Phenotypic Variation through Ontogeny: Ceratophryid Frogs as a Model
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract The South American frogs of the family Ceratophryidae (three genera, twelve extant species) display unusual larval diversity and developmental variation despite rather similar adults. Many adult features of ceratophryids are associated with terrestrial/fossorial habits and resistance to desiccation; however, adults of the genus Lepidobatrachus are aquatic. Morphological novelties have evolved in the ceratophryid feeding mechanism that makes them capable of feeding on exceptional large prey (i.e. megalophagy). Lepidobatrachus is unusual in having less ecomorphological differences between its larvae and adults than virtually all other anurans. Some unique features are differentiated in the tadpole and then exaggerated in the adult (e.g., a posterior displaced jaw articulation) in a manner unseen in other anurans. Both the larvae and the frog are similarly able to capture large prey underwater. The article reviews how shifts in developmental patterns have led to a novel way of life for both larval and adult Lepidobatrachus spp. Key Concepts Derived features of ceratophryid larvae carry over metamorphosis to the adults and are central to the overall morphological evolution of Ceratophryidae. Ceratophryidae shows how evolution can act upon development to produce organisms with novel structures and ecology. Megalophagy is associated with a wealth of other specialisations that are products of shifts in development. The origin of evolutionary novelties in Lepidobatrachus 's ontogeny has produced a dramatic and unique larval ecomorphology. Lepidobatrachus has broken metamorphic constraints to achieve common and shared larval and adult adaptations for megalophagy and feeding underwater.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.012 | 0.004 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; both teacher heads agree on what is shown here.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".