Digitally Annealed Solution for the Vertex Cover Problem with Application in Cyber Security
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Cyber attacks on the power systems can mislead the control center to produce incorrect state and topology estimate. State and topology attacks can have harmful impacts on the operation of a power system. The problem of placing secure phasor measurement units (PMUs) to detect these attacks has been studied in the literature. Specifically, it has been shown that placing secure PMUs to disable undetectable state and topology attacks can enhance the security of the system against cyber attacks. Placing secure PMUs is indeed the minimum vertex cover problem. Since the cost of deploying PMUs is high, it is important to place the secure PMUs efficiently in order to maximize the ability of detecting cyber attacks while reducing the costs. In this paper, we use Digital Annealer to solve the vertex cover problem. Digital Annealer is a hardware architecture for solving combinatorial optimization problems. We have performed numerous numerical experiments and noticed that our approach has an enhanced level of optimality compared to other well-known alternatives in the literature.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".