Evaluation of elastic property changes in Karamay oil sand reservoir during thermal stimulation
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Abstract To obtain a good evaluation of oil sand reservoir deformation and its induced ground subsidence during thermal simulation, elastic property changes with reservoir temperature are desired. The Karamay oil sand was viewed as a composite geomaterial consisting of bitumen as matrix and grains as inclusion. The elastic properties of bitumen were expressed as a function of temperature and time, and the Eshelby, Mori–Tanaka, and differential methods were used to write the elastic properties of oil sand as a function of temperature and time. An equivalent static time was proposed to eliminate the effect of time. A temperature transform was established according to experimental data. The relation of elastic properties and temperature was applied on a field practice of steam circulation. The elastic properties in any reservoir position were given at varying circulation time and concluded that the elastic modulus drops from 663 to 360 MPa, and the Poisson ratio increases from 0.3 to 0.415 during circulation. The elastic deformation mechanisms for Karamay sand‐in‐bitumen and Canadian bitumen‐in‐sand oil sands were analyzed according to experimental data. Three possible deformation modes for sand‐in‐bitumen oil sands were exhibited, considering whether the intergranular bitumen is squeezed out and the grains are crushed.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".