The Dynamic Relationship Between Stock and Real Estate Prices in Kuwait
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This paper examines empirically the dynamic relationship existing between the stock and real estate markets in the State of Kuwait for the period from January 2007 to December 2017. The main features of the real estate market in Kuwait are reviewed, and two indices are constructed to measure the activity of the residential real estate (land and houses) and multi-apartment buildings in the Kuwaiti real-estate market. The empirical analysis employs the main proper tests, such as the Johansen (1998) cointegration test and Vector Error Correction Model (VECM). These two tests confirm the long- and short-term association between Kuwaiti stock prices and multi-apartment building prices only, while no evidence of such a relationship is found for the residential real estate (land and houses) prices. This paper extends the literature available on the emerging stock markets, as the Kuwaiti Stock Market is one of the oldest stock markets in the member countries of the Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC). In addition, the results obtained in this paper have useful implications for academics and policy-makers in Kuwait.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.002 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".