Pop-up satellite archival tags reveal evidence of intense predation on large immature Chinook salmon (<i>Oncorhynchus tshawytscha</i>) in the North Pacific Ocean
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Throughout the northern extent of its range, Chinook salmon (Oncorhynchus tshawytscha) adult returns have been in decline for over a decade, leading to severe harvest restrictions on subsistence, commercial, and recreational fisheries. In addition to these overall declines in abundance, changes in size structure and age structure, including a proportional decrease of older age classes returning to spawn, suggest that late-stage marine mortality for this species may be more frequent than currently assumed. To examine this late-stage mortality hypothesis, we examined diagnostic evidence of predation on large (57–100 cm fork length) Chinook salmon (n = 33) from depth, temperature, and light records collected during recent satellite tagging research. Satellite tags provided evidence of predation on tagged Chinook salmon by salmon sharks (Lamna ditropis) (n = 14), marine mammals (n = 2), ectothermic fish(es) (n = 3), and unidentified predators (n = 5) in the Bering Sea and Gulf of Alaska. High mortality rates in this study suggest that fisheries scientists should consider that late-stage mortality by marine apex predators may be shaping this species’ abundance and demographics.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".