An investigation on the disruptive effect of pollution in cold- and warm- adapted clam populations
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to examine the relationship between mitochondrial activity and gonad lipid stores in clams exposed to anthropogenic pollution at cold- and warm-water sites. The balance between energy expenses and energy reserves was measured by mitochondrial electron transport (MET) activity and lipid content in the gonad. The activity of malate dehydrogenase (MDH) was measured as an intermediary between energy production and the production of lipids in gonadal tissues. The results revealed that intertidal clam populations at warm-water sites under no source of pollution had less heavy metal content (Ag, As, Cr, Hg and Ni), lower MDH activity and temperature-dependent MET than clams from cold-water sites. However, MDH activity measured at 6 oC was higher at the warm-water sites. Lipid peroxidation in the gonad was higher in clams from the cold-water sites. The impacts of pollution differed among the study sites, clams from cold-water sites having increased MDH activity, temperature-dependent MET activity, higher lipid content and DNA strand breaks; clams from the warm-water sites had increased temperature-dependent MDH activity and lower gonadal lipid reserves. A multiple regression analysis revealed that gonad lipid reserves were positively correlated with MDH activity and negatively correlated with its temperature-dependent activity, suggesting that increased temperature sensitivity was negatively related to gonad energy reserves. The data show that pollution increases temperature sensitivity at the MET level in clams in cold water, while temperature sensitivity in MDH activity was observed in clams from warm-water sites. Discriminate function analysis revealed that pollution stress shows a tendency to be closer to clams adapted to warmer temperatures. In conclusion, pollution could increase MDH activity in cold-adapted clams which can lead to increased lipid stores in the gonad, oxidative stress and genotoxicity while pollution seems to increase the temperature dependence in MET. In warm-adapted clams, temperature dependent MDH activity was higher by pollution with decreased lipid content in the gonad tissues which was independent of gonad maturation and size.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".