Enhancement of <i>Theobroma cacao</i> Seedling Growth and Tolerance to <i>Phytophthora megakarya</i> by Heat-Treated Oyster Shell Powder
Bibliographic record
Abstract
The aim of this study was to evaluate the ability of oyster shell powder soil amendment to enhance cocoa seedling growth and induce resistance against Phytophthora megakarya in nurseries. The results showed that heat-treated oyster shells powder at 1% (w/w) soil amendment significantly increased plant height, leaf number, leaf area, dry shoot and root weight more than chemical fungicide and control treatment after twelve weeks of growth. The results showed that heat-treated oyster shell powder raised soil pH significantly and reduced P. megakarya load of the soil suspension by 82%. Assessment of resistance stimulation by leaf inoculation showed the highest level of resistance recorded in plants treated either with heat-treated or non-treated oyster shell powder. Furthermore, total phenolic compounds contents, total soluble proteins contents, polyphenoloxidase, chitinase, peroxidase and β-1,3-glucanases activities increased in both healthy or infected leaves from cacao plants treated with oyster shell powder more than those treated with chemical fungicide. These findings demonstrated that heat-treated oyster shell powder could be used as biofertilizer and biofungicide to improve the quality of cocoa seedling production and protect the plant against P. megakarya.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".