LONG-TERM EXPOSURE TO AMBIENT AIR POLLUTION AND LUNG CANCER RISK IN CANADA
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Background and Aims: Previous studies have identified air pollution exposure as a risk factor for lung cancer incidence. We examine lung cancer risk in Canada from exposure to long-term ambient air pollution. Methods: We utilize the lung cancer component of the National Enhanced Cancer Surveillance System, which includes 3280 lung cancer cases, with histology, and 5073 population controls collected between 1994 and 1998 in eight Canadian provinces. Cases were identified by provincial cancer registries and sent a research questionnaire (61.7 % response rate for contacted lung cancer cases). Questionnaires collected information on family income, education, marital status, BMI, smoking history, second-hand smoke exposure, alcohol use, dietary history, physical activity, and lifetime occupational exposures and residential histories (geocoded to 6-digit postal codes). Population controls, with an age/sex distribution similar to that of all cancer cases, received the same questionnaire (67.4% response rate for contacted controls). A spatiotemporal modeling approach was used to estimate individual’s annual air pollution exposures from 1970 to 1994 for PM2.5, NO2, and O3. Residential postal codes within 50km’s of fixed-site monitoring stations were assigned annual average concentrations. Postal codes located farther than 50km’s from a monitoring station were assigned predicted annual concentrations from national spatial pollutant surfaces, created from recent satellite-based (PM2.5 and NO2) and dispersion models (O3), calibrated with historical fixed-site monitoring data. Results: Odds ratios (95%CI) for lung cancer incidence associated with a 10-unit increase in PM2.5 (ug/m3), NO2 (ppb) and O3 (ppb) were 1.31 (1.00-1.72), 1.14 (1.04-1.26) and 0.84 (0.67-1.06), respectively, after adjustment for 17 individual and 4 geographical covariates. Differences in risk were also found by lung cancer histology. Conclusions: Long-term exposure to PM2.5 and NO2 air pollution was associated with increased lung cancer risk in Canada.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.002 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".