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USMCA INSTEAD OF NAFTA

2019· article· en· W2942889278 on OpenAlex

Why this work is in the frame

A frame that forgets how it found something cannot be audited. These are the routes that admitted this work.

aboutThe title or abstract carries a Canadian signal from the geographic lexicon.
no affNo Canadian affiliation: this work is invisible to an affiliation-only frame.
No Canadian affiliation. An affiliation-only frame, the usual design, would never have seen this work. It is one of the works that make the case for inverting the frame.

Bibliographic record

VenueWorld Economy and International Relations · 2019
Typearticle
Languageen
FieldSocial Sciences
TopicGlobal Political and Economic Relations
Canadian institutionsnot available
Fundersnot available
KeywordsRatificationInternational tradeFree trade agreementNegotiationAdministration (probate law)Political scienceMarket accessTrade agreementState (computer science)International economicsBusinessFree tradeEconomicsLawAgriculturePoliticsGeography

Abstract

fetched live from OpenAlex

The U. S. President Trump administration has made NAFTA re-negotiation and modernization a priority of its trade policy. D. Trump has repeatedly characterized this agreement as the “worst trade deal” in history and has stated that he may seek to withdraw from the agreement. The U. S. talks with Mexico and Canada began on August 16, 2017. After more than a year of intense negotiations the three North American countries have finally reached a deal that was renamed Agreemrnt between the United States of America, the United Mexican States, and Canada (USMCA). USMCA is based on the NAFTA. Among the most prominent changes are the following: American farmers gain easier access to the tightly regulated Canadian dairy market; guidelines to have a higher proportion of automobiles and spare parts manufactured amongst the three countries rather than imported from abroad; strengthened environmental and labor regulations, increased intellectual rights protection and de minimis customs threshold for duty free treatment. New issues, such as digital trade, currency manipulation, stronger disciplines for operations of the state-owned enterprises, and relations with non-market economies, are also addressed. They may serve as a template for trade deals under the Trump administration in the future. The USMCA will take effect after ratification by all three parties, which is probable but not guaranteed. This article analyses key changes in USMCA by comparing it with NAFTA; describes peculiarities of the NAFTA re-negotiation; identifies winners and losers; assesses perspectives of USMCA ratification and its international consequences. The United States-Mexico-Canada Agreement represents a mix of free trade provisions with elements of managed trade, especially in the automotive industry. Its mere signing is not a small accomplishment in the era of backlash to free trade and economic globalization.

Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.

Full frame distilled prediction

Teacher imitation

Not calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.

metaresearch head score (Codex)0.000
metaresearch head score (Gemma)0.000
Version: codex-gemma-dda1882f352aValidation status: machine_predicted_unvalidated
Candidate categoriesInsufficient payload (model declined to judge)
Consensus categoriesInsufficient payload (model declined to judge)
DomainCandidate signal: none · Consensus signal: none
Study designCandidate signal: Theoretical or conceptual · Consensus signal: none
GenreCandidate signal: Empirical · Consensus signal: none
Teacher disagreement score0.828
Threshold uncertainty score1.000

Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category

CategoryCodexGemma
Metaresearch0.0000.000
Meta-epidemiology (narrow)0.0000.000
Meta-epidemiology (broad)0.0000.000
Bibliometrics0.0000.000
Science and technology studies0.0000.000
Scholarly communication0.0000.000
Open science0.0000.000
Research integrity0.0000.000
Insufficient payload (model declined to judge)0.0070.001

Machine scores (provisional)

The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.

Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.

Opus teacher head0.017
GPT teacher head0.282
Teacher spread0.265 · how far apart the two teachers sit on this one work
Validation statusscore_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from it