Tremor with congenital mirror movements: evidence of involvement of the primary motor cortex in tremor
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Figure S2. Hypotheses of pathogenesis of mirror movements. (a) Mirroring of tremor in the hand at rest might have been caused by bilateral projection. Centrally generated tremor oscillation might have reached the primary motor cortex (M1) ipsilateral to the hand with the posture and traveled through the bilateral projection. As a result, tremor appeared not only in the hand with the posture but also in the hand at rest with high coherence between the two hands. (b) Mirroring of tremor might have been caused by the abnormally activated bilateral M1 and main ipsilateral projections. Centrally generated tremor oscillation might have reached both M1 and descended through each ipsilateral projection resulting in postural tremor and mirrored tremor at rest. Video S1. No tremor was observed at rest. Opening and closing either hand evoked continuous action tremor in the hand as well as in the contralateral hand at rest. Tremor involved abduction and adduction of the shoulders, elbows and wrists. Index finger abduction of either hand evoked abduction of the homologous finger of the other hand with large amplitude. The patient sequentially opposed the tip of each finger to the thumb from index finger to little finger of the right hand. All of the fingers on the left also exhibited the opposing movements to a similar degree to the fingers on the right. Video S2. There was no tremor at rest or with simply outstretching both hands. Flexion but not extension of both wrists evoked wrist flexion–extension tremor in both hands. With one arm being flexed at the wrist and elbow while the other arm was outstretched, sustained, large-amplitude tremor appeared in the outstretched arm as well as in the other arm with flexion. The left was slightly worse than the right in all positions associated with the tremor. Sequential opposing finger movement with either hand evoked mild amplitude homologous finger movements in the other hand. Opening and closing one hand also evoked flexion movements of the second to fifth fingers of the other hand. Please note: The publisher is not responsible for the content or functionality of any supporting information supplied by the authors. Any queries (other than missing content) should be directed to the corresponding author for the article.
Fetched live from OpenAlex and de-inverted. Abstracts are not stored in this database: the inverted indexes are 8.6 GB of the frame’s 9.3 GB of text, and the host has 13 GB free.
How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.002 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.001 |
| Open science | 0.001 | 0.001 |
| Research integrity | 0.002 | 0.001 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.019 | 0.001 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".