CMOS Optoelectronic Lock-in Amplifier with Semi-Digital Automatic Phase Alignment
Bibliographic record
Abstract
This paper presents a CMOS optoelectronic lock-in amplifier (LIA) with semi-digital automatic phase alignment for optical sensing applications. The LIA incorporates a phase sensitive detection (PSD) channel and a phase alignment channel. A phase alignment loop generates the LIA reference clock, and automatically aligns the relative phase between the reference and the input signal through a phase interpolation providing unlimited (modulo 2π) phase shift. A finite state machine (FSM) is implemented in the digital domain to control the loop with low-power consumption and small chip area. The LIA is optimized to operate at a 50-kHz modulation frequency. The LIA is fully characterized optically and electrically, and measurement results are reported in this paper. The measured dynamic reserve and the sensitivity of the LIA are 35.37 dB and 296 mV/μW, respectively for a detection bandwidth of 50 Hz. The proposed LIA consumes an average power of 214 μW from a 1.8/3.3-V DC power supply.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame distilled prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. Learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and 10,348 direct Gemma labels. Candidate is the union of thresholded teacher heads; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels or direct frontier model labels.
Codex and Gemma teacher scores by category
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one teacher head, not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".