Pharmacological evidence for the role of RAR in axon guidance and embryonic development of a protostome species
Bibliographic record
Abstract
Retinoic acid (RA), the active metabolite of vitamin A, functions through nuclear receptors, one of which is the retinoic acid receptor (RAR). Though the RAR is essential for various aspects of vertebrate development, little is known about the role of RAR in nonchordate invertebrates. Here, we examined the potential role of an invertebrate RAR in mediating chemotropic effects of retinoic acid. The RAR of the protostome Lymnaea stagnalis is present in the growth cones of regenerating cultured motorneurons, and a synthetic RAR agonist (EC23), was able to mimic the effects of retinoic acid in inducing growth cone turning. We also examined the ability of the natural retinoids, all-trans RA and 9-cis RA, as well as the synthetic RAR agonists, to disrupt embryonic development in Lymnaea. Developmental defects included delays in embryo hatching, arrested eye, and shell development, as well as more severe abnormalities such as halted development. Developmental defects induced by some (but not all) synthetic RAR agonists were found to mimic those induced by addition of high concentrations of the natural retinoid isomers. These pharmacological data support a possible physiological role for the RAR in axon guidance and embryonic development of an invertebrate protostome species.
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How this classification was reachedexpand
Full frame machine prediction
Teacher imitationNot calibrated prevalence, not ground truth. Human validation pending. The Gemma side is a direct model label for every work in the frame, read from the title-only record. The Codex side is a classifier learned from the 10,348 direct Codex labels and calibrated to design-weighted sample rates; fields without enough sample support carry no Codex call. Candidate is the union of the two sides; consensus is their intersection. These outputs are machine_predicted_unvalidated and are not human labels.
Distilled classifier scores by category (both heads)
| Category | Codex | Gemma |
|---|---|---|
| Metaresearch | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (narrow) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Meta-epidemiology (broad) | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Bibliometrics | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Science and technology studies | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Scholarly communication | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Open science | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Research integrity | 0.000 | 0.000 |
| Insufficient payload (model declined to judge) | 0.001 | 0.000 |
Machine scores (provisional)
The two teacher heads of the student model, read on this work. A score orders the frame for review; it never asserts a category, and the validation status ships verbatim with every row.
Baseline scores from an immature model (maturity gate not passed, 7 training rounds). Scores rank; they never assert a category.
score_only:v0-immature-baseline · verbatim from the scoring run: score_only means the number may rank works, and no category label ships from itClassification
machine, unvalidatedMachine predicted; a candidate call from one source (direct Gemma or distilled Codex), not a consensus.
How this classification was reached, model by model and score by score, is at the end of the page under "How this classification was reached".